Data structures whose space usage is information-theoretically optimal plus a lower-order term, while still supporting fast queries. Example: a bit-vector with rank/select in O(1) using n+o(n) bits.
Key formulas
Succinct: space =Z+o(Z) where Z is the information-theoretic lower bound
Compact: O(Z) bits
rank/select on bit-vectors: O(1) time, o(n) extra bits