TypeScript

Basic idea

JavaScript plus a structural, gradual static type system (Microsoft, 2012). Compiles to plain JS; types are erased at runtime. The dominant way to write industrial JS today.

Key facts

• Year / creator: 2012, Microsoft (Hejlsberg).
• Typing: static, structural, gradual (any opt-out); generics, unions, intersections, conditional types.
• Compiles to JS — no runtime cost (types erased).
• Notable: discriminated unions, mapped types, template literal types.

Siblings

• c
• c 1
• cpp
• Erlang
• Go
• Haskell
• Java
• JavaScript
• Lua
• Racket
• risc v
• Rust
• x86 Assembly